How Students and Teachers Can Avoid and Prevent Plagiarism Essay Example for Free

How Students and Teachers Can Avoid and Prevent plagiarization EssayPlagiarism has been any and every writers concern, both in the scholarly and non scholarly sense. It is the dreaded term which implies various complications from those who choose to plagiarize, those plagiarized by accident, and those authors who be mere victims of such unfair treatment. From the students standpoint, great and keen consideration must be done in the process of how they choose to construct their ideas and write most a required topic.With the lenient accessibility of information within a clicks reach, plagiarism even gets more tempting. The Michigan Library railroad tie (MLA) Forum (2008) adds With the Internet offering students such a wealth of information at their fingertips, it is no surprise that one of the main reasons that they commit acts of plagiarism is precisely due to how easy and convenient it has become (n. p. ). Hence, students must understand the definitions and details of what p lagiarism is and what to do and what not to do as a plagiaristic stake arises. Students always use plagiarism checker free.Students must maintain their academic responsibility as they fulfill the scholastic obligations. Students should be responsible in judgment and realizing other tools available to them as they fulfill certain literary requirements. The use of methods like proper paraphrasing, formal, and correct citing of references, being consistent to the requirements of a specific referencing musical mode plagiarism may be avoided given that all must be understood and well executed by the student.From the teachers standpoint, there are a serial publication of issues which must be explained to the student. The ingest discussion of what plagiarism is and the consequences it brings must be well and thoroughly comprehended by the students. Teachers should emphasis the valuable use and wideness of the use of bibliography. As the Plagiarism. org (2008) writes Emphasize that the annotation has to be in their own voice and words, and should specifically discuss the relevance of the source to their question (n. . ).Teachers should make themselves clear and specific in what they demand of their students. They should help exercise further the skills of their students such as by assigning the students to make a presentation which would enhance their research and idea conceptualization. It is also of beneficial importance for teachers to be creative in building their students skills in writing formal academic works.

Feature Driven Development Or Fdd Information Technology Essay

Feature Driven Development Or Fdd Information Technology EssayFeature driven learning or FDD was further civiliseed by Jeff De Luca to lead a softw are development project for a large bank in Singapore in the year 1997. The project essentials to be through by 15 month and 50 employees were involved for completing the project. Another person that introduced disports into the FDD development was pricking Coad. Peter Coad used object mock uping and swash disputation as an approach to make the project meet the requirements and develop the tasks for completing the project.FDD emphasizes on show period a project by first having a detailed plan of conducting the overall offset by including the main planning, object model and make list at the starting point of the project. These items can evolved freely because each process does not affect greatly on each other.The project conductor serves as the administrative leader for the project. He or she makes sure that the project operates systematically and ensures that all the participants are focused on the task.Chief ArchitectThe chief graphic designer holds the responsibility for designing the overall system. They also need to consider all the design issues and make critical decisions.Development ManagerThe role for the development manager is to handle the day to day activities in the progress of the project and ends the conflict between that happens within the group.Chief ProgrammerThe chief programmer is usually an experienced developer. They are mainly involved in leading smaller teams for the analysis, design and development of new run arounds. The chief programmer also needs to identify the characteristics of the feature team so that he can choose the right classes and owners that are appropriate. Sometimes the chief programmers will need to persist together to solve problems much(prenominal) as resourcing issues and report on the progress of the team.Class OwnersClass owners are responsible for the cl ass that has been assigned to. They are under the guidance of the chief programmer. Their work responsibilities include designing, cryptanalysis, testing and documenting.Domain ExpertsThe domain experts have the probability of a user, client, a sponsor, a business analyst or a combination of the antecedently mentioned. The developers rely on the knowledge of the domain expert on the requirements of the undeveloped system should perform.The next other roles below are roles that does not dominate the fundamental roles but rather acts as a supporting role and additional roles in the structure of FDD methodological analysis.?Domain Object ModelingThe main motive of this come is to make all the stakeholders voice out there ideas so that the project has a guideline or a road map to where it is going. The object model is a continuously updated process for rooms of correction.Developing By FeatureThis invest emphasize that the FDD development is done by completing each feature before mo ving to the next. This feature works by collecting the point of views from the client which will be evaluated and take into consideration. It can be expressed in the form of , and achieving equilibrium between these actions. This feature usually can be completed within hours or days and have a maximum 2 weeks for completing the task.Class (code) OwnershipEach developer or class owner is responsible for his/her class, hence it is in truth important that the class owner knows what are the goals that need to be achieved and he or she must understand the characteristics and behavior of the class. This is in order that the class owner will be the first one to affirm and update the class for any changes that needs to be implemented on the project so that the class can adapt much faster to the situation. in that respect is the risk of losing a team member in the class which might be a danger to the project. Hence involvement from the class owner is very important in this practice to make sure he or she has control of the class.Feature TeamsIn a feature team, the owner of the feature or also known as the chief programmer works with the class owners as a team. The implementation of the feature should be done very mobile and effectively. This practice also has the characteristic of tractability when changes occur. The required class owner is just added to the feature team depending on the requirements.The feature teams are combined and consequently breaks up after the feature has been completed. Sometimes the feature teams works together with other feature teams and a time and an individual maybe working for a few feature teams at a time. The work of a feature team ends when their feature has been integrated to the product.InspectionsThis practice in FDD is to make sure that the pure tone and the design and code are up to standard. Besides that, there are 2 other main purpose for this practice which is to make sure the team members understands the other classes th at are involved and the other purpose is to act as a forced function to maintain the consistency of the projects coding standards.Regular Build ScheduleThis practice is encouraged to be done often and continuously based on the need of the project. It should be a practice that is done at more than once in a week. When a new feature has been updated to the period system baseline, it can then be well-tried and then be documented after demonstration to the customers or the project sponsors.Configuration ManagementThis practice in FDD is dependent on the size, scope and complexity of the project. There is no unique structure for the configuration management for the FDD development but the team must make sure that they manage their artifacts well.Reporting/visibility of ResultsThe FDD uses a project tracking methodology to prevent that the project is done half way before entering the next task. The feature list is referred to systema skeletale the milestones that need to be achieved a nd some weighing factors of it. The FDD mile stones can be defined as followDomain walkthroughcompleteDesignready for brushupDesign inspectionand any rework and reinspection completeCodeready for inspectionCode inspectionand any rework and reinspection completePromote to go onall feature code checked in and ready for the next buildThe weight for each milestone uses a simple computation method. It is obviously the time required for that feature to be completed divide by the overall time needed to complete the overall feature. For example, if the design walkthrough requires 5% of their time to complete, then the weight for the milestone is to be 0.05(5% divide by 100).For computing the project status, it is the total milestones that have been completed divide by the number of features. For example, the current completed milestones are 183 in weight and the features are 200. Then the completion of the project isProject status =(sum of currently completed milestones)/(the total numbe r feature in the product)100%= 183/200100%= 91.5%Advantages and Disadvantages of the Feature Driven DevelopmentAdvantages DisadvantagesIt is better defined and measured by its 8 practices rather then the process flow.Create efficiency of individuals at making changes to a class The lost of the individual will bring a negative effect on the feature team.Owns the dynamic and flexible characteristics at adding required owners to a feature team. Lack emphasis on the configuration management. Should be a more detailed structure.Inspections are emphasized to ensure quality of design and codings.Sets milestones and ensures that the feature is done before continuing the next.DiscussionsThe feature driven development requires the owner of each class is richly involved in the feature and take responsibility for his or her class.Motivation is instill to the owner to work efficiently.The overall assumption from the stakeholders is very important to develop the object model of the project.The f eatures must be first identified to make the project flow more smoothly.The milestones make sure that the previous progress is done before moving on to the next. This step is smart to prevent continuous work an unfinished task.ConclusionThe feature driven development provides good flexibility when a feature needs to be developed. Class owners are able to combine and disband based on the needs when developing the feature makes this methodology a very dynamic characteristic.

Operations and Business Strategy of McDonalds

Operations and Business Strategy of McDonaldsINTRODUCTIONMcDonald is a in truth popular fast viands business which is operating on the whole over the world. It started its operations in sixties and currently it is serving worldwide chain of 30,000 restaurants. McDonald restaurant has a quality that it serves its output match to the culture of that region where they are operating. Several artifacts of modern world has been very good organized as Macdonalds famous growth, promotional plan with the noted toys and films, its participation in the aid organization and its dispersion classified adds.More than 75% of McDonald is sustained and operated by local men and women. Its serves more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 40million battalion per day. It take aims approximately 82% of its revenue from 8 different countries which imply Japan, Korea, Australia, France, Germany and USA. But the biggest achievements got by McDonald in these countries is creating a good name and brand motion-picture show in peoples sagacity and hygiene cautions are the main driving advantage it has which helps the Macdonald to attract many customers. They have created a corporate symbol and saturated advertisement has helped the Macdonald by creating a good brand name and image of logo in the millions of people mind. Overall McDonald planned plan is called plan to succeed. There focal point is not to be the biggest fast nutriment chain in the world just now the finest fast food chain. McDonald planned philosophy in the rear this plan is generates retrieve experience through the finishing of multiple proposals immediate the v factor of incomparable customer understanding. (McDonald, 2009)A key element of the MacDonald strategy since the beginning has been to own all the property on which the MacDonald was built doesnt matter the property is licensed or company owned. Rental money differs from property to property hardly it has been estimated that McDonald generate more mon ey from its rents of the property than the franchise fees it charges.The success of the MacDonald since its beginning can be attributed to the customers profit it provides. Each restaurant wants to have a good brand image by giving quality food and good customers services. In both field McDonald has made its name as it is providing quality and cheap food unneurotic with quality service. It has come with a limited menu but with great improvements. Anformer(a) invention was the introduction of the play area. MacDonald is continuing unexampled inventions to facilitate the plurality customization process. In 2001 McDonalds began standardizing its technology its existing point of sale system with the office system in more than 11,000 stores in the United States. The company is investing in a common point of sale which willing be available to use all over the world in its branches. (typepad, 2009)McDonalds make possible the supercede of value by matching the money paid by customers with quality and diversity of products and services resulting to the customer feeling of having acknowledged their moneys characteristicificance and even more than what they compensated for. McDonald objective the customer happiness by food preparation the penchant to formulate the customers feels satisfied about the speak to exchange. McDonald is advice for the family or friends get-together as well.MCDONALDS quite a littleTo be the best and leading fast food provider around the globeMISSION STATEMENTMcDonalds vision is to be the worlds best dissolute service restaurant experience. Being the best look upons providing outstanding quality, service, value, and cleanliness so that we make every customer in every restaurant smileOPERATIONS AND condescension STRATEGYBusiness strategy is defined as it is a long term planning of a business with specific goals and target within a specific clock with the available resources. It is a management plan constructed by the top level of mana gement in order to make the business runs in profit. In McDonald the business strategy for the company is to make food fast available to its customers at a very low competitive price but to get profit as well by reducing the cost of the product and expanding the business world wide.Operations strategies play a very chief(prenominal) role in achieving organizational goals. By using these strategies an organization controls and maintains all of its operations. So these should make after a comprehensive marketing analysis correspond to capabilities and resources of an organization.Operation management strategies in McDonald are being made by made by top management. These strategies are implemented in all the branches of the McDonald and these strategies are distributed to all its franchise branches in the written form. So there are available managers in all the branches that control all operational activities.McDonald has adopted a strategy which is based on the three sections. This strategy has emphasizing on the customer importance and customers satisfaction. As the company has increased using the information technology, it has certain new ideas to improve the operational activities of the business. With the introduction of stock control data base system, it avoids unnecessary ordering keep the stock up to date in store. It has become very easy and time saving now to order the stock. Stockrooms are directly attached to point of sale system and the manager knows what product is moving fast and how much he should order more products. (typepad, 2009)REDUCING COST WITH MORE EFFICIENT EQUIPMENTThe challenge facing the global equipment suppliers when they design the fryers for our restaurants is to ascend such kind of equipment that are more energy efficient and gives better taste while improving the crew efficiency and using less cooking oil.The low down oil quantity Fryer is the next age band fryer. LOV improves cooking efficiency, simplifies filtering and cl eaning, and provide enhanced environmental benefits. The LOVs ground-breaking design allows restaurants to roast the uniform sum of produce with in the region of 40% smaller amount oil. It in addition uses more or less 4 % a lesser amount of liveliness than medium fryers. (Gallagher, 2003)In McDonald spunk represent an important role in reducing the cost of its operations. McDonald uses fluorescent low consumption lighting in the kitchen. Tests revealed that each restaurant saves 11,000kWh of electricity each year.Packaging plays an important role of McDonald brand not only for quality, integrity and safety but overly in its visibility to our customers. McDonald also use its cooking oil in its transport operation which has significantly reduces the cost of operation as well.Its not polity of McDonald to make its employee work efficiently but with limited resources but it provides everything to its staff they required to do the the job efficiently and according to health and sa fety methods. It helps the McDonald to get more productivity and get more revenue and improve its services.In order to achieve its business strategy goals, McDonald is emphasizing more and more on reducing its cost of operational activities. In order to reduce the cost McDonalds purchases most of the vegetables especially potatoes directly from farmers, this help the McDonald not even to cut the cost of chips production but also get fresh vegetable for salad for its customers. This also helps McDonald to not get effected by the fluctuations in the market prices. (typepad, 2009)Aside from fling hamburgers and fresh fries, McDonald has start serving the family treat and as a community centre for the senior citizen. It has also start giving indoor playgrounds and promotional toys to its kids as well. As this movement begins there is an addition of extra service-oriented equipment is desired. They can carry out studies and review to improve knows which among the different possibilities serves the companys target in good way. These will involve robots to do order tacking in replace of humans, automated processes of food in McDonald has (typepad, 2009)McDonald has a policy to be in the market as a market leader. In order to keep its leadership it keeps low cost and gets more income by selling food at cheap price. food for thought made with the help of machine is considered more hygienic however the continuous development in the technology McDonald and especially its employees as they have to serve quick services. Computers and smart cashiers are used by the employees so that they would not get confused and they are provided with customized database management system.These all operational activities are conducted in all the branches of McDonald worldwide in order to successfully implement the business strategy of the McDonald.MCDONALD LAYOUT, PROCESS TYPE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGIESMCDONALD KITCHEN LAYOUTThe strategy refers to the overall working(a)(a) and general env ironment offered by the McDonald. It includes the personal level, service and product layout, interior and exterior.McDonald has a policy to serve the fresh food to it customers in a minimum time and at the equal time they want to get as many as possible customers to get the more income. The most important thing on which McDonald operational department concentrate is the customers satisfaction. Customers satisfaction can only be achieved if it serves the customers with a good quality food in a quickly with minimum price. In order to answer this whole process McDonald has a very specific type of layout. This layout gives an easy access to the staff to serves the customers in a quick way. At the till when a staff serves the customer, staff has a everything in its reach required by the customer. (Gallagher, 2003)McDonald keep maximum number of tills opens to serves the customers and each staff takes average one minute to serves the customer. The chairs are arranged in such a way that it gives a minimum disruption to the people who are standing in the queue.In the kitchen department McDonald has selected high efficiency fryers which take minimum time to fry the chips. Operations manager has assigned the task to different staff members according to their ability.McDonald get most of the things in ready to serve form from its main headquarter which decrease the cost of producing the food and it also help the McDonald to keep the quality same all over its stores. Staff in McDonald only has to put the food in oil and it gets ready to serve. It also helps the McDonald to save lot of storage cost. In order to keep the system runs smoothly McDonald always keeps good relation with the suppliers. Their supplier makes sure that they deliver the goods to McDonald in the minimum possible time. (Swearingen, 2003)STRATEGIC vastness OF LAYOUTProper layout enablesIt makes the utilization of space, equipment and people more efficient.It enables the movements of information, mat erials and peoples more effective.It boosts the employee morale and helps to provide him safer working conditions.It helps to improve the customers relations with clients.FlexibilityLayout design mean the overall working and general environment offered by the McDonald. It includes the personal level, service and product layout, interior and exterior etc.STRATEGIESExteriorMcDonald sets its premises in proper manner to continue any number of customers easily. The building design is standard world wide but it may be have some difference in coat or in exterior according to the location. It enables them to save time, satisfy their customers, comfortable environment for both employees and customers. Ray Kroc was the first person in McDonalds history who took the initative to franchise the McDonald. He also maintain the McDonald outlooks, its signs and layout same every where in the world which has directly improved the sale of the company. As it has an attractive layout and eye catching sign boards.InteriorInteriors areset to be depoliticized. In addition to new restaurant lighting, menu boards, artwork and graphics, new materials will offer choice when it comes to decor selection. Technology perks include Wi-Fi, programmed music, and video. (typepad, 2009)MCDONALDS USE OF TECHNOLOGIESMcDonalds has invested a huge amount of money on creating a technology board which has help the McDonald to adopt new and new technologies in its operations with time. The main job of this board is to recommend the management to buy those kind of equipment which are very effective in saving the energy as well as are more productive.In 2001 McDonald has start investing money in the improvements of point to sale ordering system and at the same time linking the point to sale system with the back office computer in all over the world. So this thing has helped the management to know what actually chance intimate the business. What customer likes and what they dislikes.McDonald has inves ted capital in the improvement of electronic payment system as well which has make possible to process the transactions in less than 4 seconds. (swearingen, 2003)McDonald uses the best equipment to carry out the day to day operation in its outlet.MCDONALD EXPLOTATION OF VALUE CHAIN AND QUALITYPORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIScontentionRestaurant industry is highly competitive industry. There are many small fast food businesses in the industry that fight each other to improve their customer base. McDonald is not exception to this. Since it establishment in 1940, MCD has excelled in this sector. Nevertheless to stay in the competition, it started with MCafe. This helped the company to stay in the business as a major fast food business. Another major step came out when McDonald started breakfast to compete with the existing businesses serving breakfast. Hence this industry is highly competitive and the MDC should be up to date with customer taste and preferences. Quality is very important f or McDonald in order to stay in the market but at the same time it has to keep the prices minimum to maintain the cost leadership.Ease of portalAlthough it is hard to visualize in the restaurant business as it demand a lot of investment and it is hard to establish a distinct brand name as well. There is a cost of entry in the market and there is high research and development cost. Large established companies like McDonald perform compose it more easier said than done to enter and achieve something within the souk, new entrant find with the intention of they are facade with worth antagonism from offered string eating place. At the same McDonald working hard to maintain the quality same throughout the time. It is aware that if it compromise on its quality then it will make very much easier for the new entrant to attract the customers with better quality of its food products.SubstitutesMcDonald keeps a very close watch on its quality because it is aware that customers have many other s substitutes of its food products. e.g MDC burgers, Beverages and dairy products.Strength of SuppliersThe suppliers power in the fast food manufacturing is quite miniature unless the foremost feature of the item for consumption is not voluntarily on hand.Strength of BuyersRelatively strength of buyers in this industry is relatively low.(Ifm, 2009)PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF VALUE CHAINThe main objectives of these kinds of activities are to give the customer a level of value which is more than the cost of activities. This has enables the McDonald to gain more profits.The primary value chain activities areInbound LogisticsInbound logistics is the raw material McDonald stock in its warehouse and then distribute it to different branches according to their requirements McDonald has an efficient warehousing and transporting goods to its branches. All the products are made in the warehousing and goods are distributed as per the requirement of each branch.OperationsIt is the activities which are being conducted in order to transform the inputs into finished products and services. McDonald has a very good operation system as it has trained staff for each task in the kitchen. Most of its product is already in the ready to serve form. All they have to put them in the ovens or in the oil and the product get ready to serve in the minimum possible time which normally takes from 1-5 minutes.Outbound LogisticsOutbound logistics mean to keep the finished goods in warehouses and then distribute them to different branches. McDonald has a very well established transporting system. As all of its products are prepared at the warehouse, so in order to improve the distribution process it has applied the IT technology which inform the warehouse body that which branch is running out of the products, so before the products get finished it immediately make available the product to the branch. This process is very cost effective as branches do not rent to have the stock room for the goods.Marketing SaleIt is a complete science that McDonald use to market its products in order to generate more sales. table serviceAll the extra activities which are provided to customers even after the sale of goods.The primary activities are supported by Technology developmentTechnologies helps the McDonald to access the activities done inside the business which are as followCost advantageKeep a eye on the costs and minimizing it out of the value adding actions.According to the porters five forces analysis McDonald competes with the forces which are inside the business in order to gain the maximum profitability. So it proves that business profitability is took place in the porters five forces mode. (Ifm, 2009) push there are Secondary support activities which directly supporting the operational activities of the business. HRM department make it possible for the business to get the energetic people to perform the operations. They always keep motivating the staff to work hard. Th e Management makes possible to select the technology which is cost effective together with the efficiency.CONCLUSIONMcDonald is a very well established organization. The success of the McDonald is completely based on the extensive research of the market internal and external forces. It has done research on the people behavior of specific country, on their culture, buying power and social issue. McDonald has paid special attention on the location of the business, its interior and exterior outlook and types of technologies it button to use to get the maximum production at short time. The most important thing which it focused on was the quality and the market forces which directly furbish up the business.REFERENCESPublications from McDonald web site. McDonald culture and history. 2009. online. Accessed on 4 December 2009. for sale from World Wide weathervane http//www.mcdonalds.com/usa/work/companyhistory.html.Publications from biz/ed web site. McDonald. 2009. online. Accessed on 5 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mcindex.htm.Publications from typepad web site. McDonalds business Strategy. 2009. Accessed on 5 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/mcdonalds-business-strategy.html.GALLANGHER, S. 2003. McDonalds technology trials.online. Accessed on 10 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Projects-Management/McDonalds-Technology-Trials/.SWEARINGEN, J. 2000. Operations Management, Layout Strategy. online. Accessed on 11 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//online.uis.edu/spring2000/bus322/lectures/chap09/sld001.htm.Publications from Ifm website. Porters value chain. online. Accessed on 23 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/dstools/paradigm/valuch.html.PAUL, J. 2005. International Business. New Delhi. second Edition. Ashoke K Gosh.Publications from typepad web sit e. McDonalds business Strategy. 2009. Accessed on 5 December 2009. Available from World Wide Web http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/strategic-business-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html

Prescriptive And Descriptive Grammar

Prescriptive And Descriptive GrammarA pedagogic grammar refers to the modified approach that is immediately adopted in linguistics to facilitate the process of teaching an extra language. In broader spectrum it can be defines as the grammar that exists to help foreign language pupils. pedagogical grammar can be categorized into two distinct nonwithstanding interconnected theory areas. First of which is concerned with descriptive models can be integrated with pedagogical reference along with teaching materials that makes the process of learning easy and simple for the learner. Secondly premises about second-language achievement form the other category of pedagogical grammar. It provides the fundamentals about class attitudes and tactics.It in general guides students about well-formed concepts which appear to be insightful for a internal speaker while highly complicated for a non-native speaker. An indigenous English speaker needs less attention an instruction in correcting som e obvious denounce structure mistakes. For compositors case he would be easily able to invert the words You do know me to form an appropriate sentence as Do you know me? until now for somebody who is learning English as his second language would demand a detailed explanation about making this inversion. This fact be totals more translucent when the persons native language formulates question following a different way. Guiding about this particular area of grammar might appear monotonous and pointless for first-language speakers but it is an essential aspect of pedagogical grammar. ( Ortega, 2008)Pedagogical grammar introduces rules about correcting the language usage in communications. For instance it guides about the language that a doctor uses to check his patients and economize his prescriptions. Similarly pedagogical grammar to a fault deals with descriptive grammars teaching the speakers to give birth a strong grip over the language to make sure they use it oft even with out considering the proper rules before speaking. Summing up pedagogical grammar forms a border between the grounds of prescriptive and descriptive language.Using both approaches is merry to attend to the purpose of pedagogical grammar that is to help non-native speakers use the language fluently. In order to make a learner perfectly skilled in his desirable language, it is authorised to make obey the rules of prescriptive grammar to improve his utterances. On the contrary by means of descriptive language the foreign language learners comprehend the way native speakers make use of the language. However it is indispensable the learners make complete sense in his communication when using slangs or some other non-standard learning ways.Lexicogrammar is a term that is often considered unusual in the systemic bleedal linguistics. Basic wholey it defines the level of linguistic structure wherein expressions or vocabulary, and grammar, or sentence structure come under the same heading . The words and grammatical structure are not considered independent variables at this level. In fact the modern concept is that both of them are mutually dependent that is one has a profound influence on the other. The similar relation between lexis and grammar has been discussed in many linguistic theories and approaches. This entry in particular will focus more on the systemic functional linguistics (SFL) as well as corpus linguistics (CL), because both these hypothetical-procedural frameworks have strong relation with applied linguistics. In both the cases lexicogrammar plays a vital role.For Instance the Lexicogrammatical learning techniques should be implemented in classrooms on daily basis. This would change the second language learners achieve the optimum result similar to those individuals who are learning their first language. In case the students are not told about the phrases use commonly in native English, they will definitely get confused when have a conversation with somebody. It is a fact that second language learners would not be able to think of the routine conversational phrases that the native speakers frequently use. Therefore they should be taught about this to make sure they also attain a native like fluency in their language skills. It has also been deliberated that the prescriptive grammar emphasizes more about grammatical misapprehensions and cohesiveness. It guides student about the appropriate grammar rules, probable error areas in terms oral and written communication. It includes all the flexible and necessary guidelines about the language. This particular type of grammar describes how people converse using correct sentence structure without considering the strict rules now and then. ( Lins, 2007)Provide your position toward the following statement by using theories and seek results L1-L2 differences cause learning difficulties. For example, is it true or do you agree or disagree and why?Evaluating the relationship between mothe r tongue (L1) and second language (L2) has been one of the more or less chief(prenominal) subjects under watchword in the arena of second language acquisition (SLA) research. I do not comply with the statement that L1-L2 differences results in learning complications because there are also many other grammatical constituents that affect the learning process directly. A major part of the discussion emphasizes on the transfer phenomena which is typically referred to the incorporation characteristics of L1 into the informative systems of L2 that the learner is trying to construct. During the time frame 1950s-1960, transfer is seen to be one of the main causes of learning difficulties. Following in 1970s L2 acquisition process was denied in all the places. After all this of the essence(p) points of transfer debate has been determined which states in spite of the possession of irritating and elusive character, transfer is considered to be the major factor crafting the learners inter- language performance. Moreover it is also becoming evident that transfer phenomena are not just limited to learners integration of L1 elements into their L2 production. It is also believed that transfer is caused by similarities and differences between languages. It is not restricted to the impact of L1 and L2 but also encompasses the influence of L2 and L3. (Cook, Long McDonough, 1979).In spite of extensive research done in this arena, there are unflurried a lot of issues left unresolved such as nature of transfer, situations in which it occurs and related psychological processes. For instance effect of L1 on L2 performance is most prominent in the field of phonology wherein foreign accent is possibly the best demonstration of learners mother tongue in L2 speech. However the most research done on these phonological skills of L2 previously revolved around segmented issues. Therefore all the possible pro-sody was disregarded. The relation between the languages is known to very cruc ial as it determines the nature of second language acquisition. The acquisition of L1 and L2 did not differ then the research would only be about sub-field of language acquisition. It is actually a maxim that defines the features of L2 acquisition as the availability of another language with the presence of the first language in the same mind. Besides the characteristic of L2 community is delimitate as the supplementary usage of additional languages in association with the first language.Explain the notions of attention and noticing and their roles in L2 learning.Modern researchers state that noticing, which is defined as the level of attention and concentration, is a vital necessity for learning the grammatical forms of L2. This can be distinguished by its features such as a cognitive function called detection, consciousness and awareness. Both these elements are considered to be so essential that no innovative mental representation can be made in their absence. Moreover, match t o many researchers and language instructors it is part of human skills and nature that he learns first languages more easily and effortlessly as in this case attention is not required along with awareness. On the contrary people learning second languages do not show such simplicity towards the learning process. They are not able to learn with the aid of detection only. Such difficulties and complications are more evident in learning grammar and cohesiveness of L2. The practical implementations seen in classrooms are for the most part noticeable. Here teachers and students endeavor to use obscure cognitive processes that supervise both the processes of learning, attention and grammar learning.( Schmitt, 2010)Schmitt was the first person to conduct an effective research on the psychological science associations with Second Language Acquisition (SLA). He claimed that the things that are noticeable are vital for L2 learning. He also hypothesized that noticing is an essential condition for this. Although many researchers considered noticing a vital component for L2 learning still the thoughts and opinions of other scholars differ in sense whether it is obligatory or not. Another factor considered to be important for L2 learning is attention, learned or spontaneous. This human skill basically refers to his capability of concentrating on one task while paying no attention to the others. Subcategories of attention encompass alertness (eagerness to deal with a challenge), orientation (pathway of attention), detection (cognitive registration of a situation) and inhibition (negligence towards stimuli). The SLA theory states that one cannot learn anything from input unless it has formed the object of attention. It is true that it is necessary for L2 learning to focus on cognitive activities in regards with specific stimuli over time. The issue that is debatable in this arena is whether or not this discernment shall be conscious. Noticing refers to assigning importance to one aspect as compared to others. It is a form of awareness which determines private experience of learner linguistically. It has also been deliberated by many researchers that noticing is important for changing input to intake in case of learning L2. Schmitt (2010) also described the minimum prerequisite of noticing as the attention paid to deal with grammatical components in input. This is done with the accomplishment of reporting threshold level of subjective responsiveness and knowledge about the experience.

Paradise by Toni Morrison Essay examples -- Papers Paradise Toni Morri

Paradise by Toni MorrisonThroughout many of Toni Morrison?s novels, the plot is built around some conflict for her characters to overcome. Paradise, in particular, uses the relationships between women as a means of reaching this desired end. Paradise, a novel centered around the destruction of a convent and the women in it, supports this idea by showing how this build serves as a haven for dejected women (Smith). The bulk of the novel takes place during and after WWII and focuses on an all black town in Oklahoma. It is through the eat of the novel that we hit Morrison weave the bonds of women into the text as a means of healing the scars inflicted upon her characters in their respective societies. Paradise deals with the lives of dejected women and the support group the women tune for each other. Morrison draws attention to this key issue by removing the element of race from the novel, a heavy contrast to her earlier works, by not allowing the reader to exist the races of the women. Thus the relationships present throughout the work can be seen strictly through the contrast between the abusive and damaging relationships found outside of the convent to the validatory and loving ones in the convent. This removal of race also allows us to see the bigger picture, which is not dictated by race (Smith). By examining the relationships in the novel, we see two distinct arenas dealing with identity and the women, which is the world outside of the convent, and the convent. Before reaching the convent, identity for the women is a broken notion in which the men they swain with dictate. The first woman we are introduced to is Mavis. Her relationship with her husband is an example of the type of subservience c... ...998Nelson, Bredin. Women?s Friendships.http//hss.fullerton.edu/womens/bredin/spring99/fr Online. 16. November. 1999. Radicalesbians. ?The Woman Identified Woman.? http//scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/womid/ Online. 16. November. 1999.Shorter-Go oden, Kamea & Washington, N. Shenell. ?YoungBlack and pistillate The Challenge of weaving an identity.? Journal of Adolescents July 1995 19. 466.Smith, Dinitia. ?Not Categorizing Characters by Race?http//englishlit.about.com/arts/englishlit/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http//www.ny prison terms.com/books/98/01/11/home/morrison.html Online. 16. November. 1999.Toni Morrison Chathttp//www.pathfinder.com/time/community/transcripts/chattr012198.html Online. 16. November. 1999.Traustadottir, Rannveig. Gender patterns in friendships.http//web.syr.edu/thechp/genpat.htm Online. 16. November. 1999.

The Usefulness of Financial Statements Essay -- GCSE Business Marketin

The Usefulness of monetary StatementsThe primary means of communicating the financial effectuate of organizational activities and transactions of a company to outsiders is the financial reporting system. This reporting system includes communicating financial information through annual financial statements, as well as through reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, voluntary forecasts, and other financial and nonfinancial releases. financial statements argon the main source of financial information conveyed to parties outside to the company. The full set of primary financial statements consists of a balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. External financial statements have a general purpose and are designed to meet the needs of investors, creditors, and other users of the external reports. They are historical in that they communicate activities and events that have already occurred. financial statements are prepared on an accrual bas is they measure the impact of events and transactions when they occur and not simply when the cash consequences of such events and transactions are realized. Financial statements are utilitarian in evaluating an enterprises profitability, liquidity, and long-term solvency and equity structure. An analysis is conducted from the perspective of external users of financial statements and it relies on the annual report of a corporation and other publicly acquirable information. Management, of course, also has access to extensive internal financial data, and their concerns extend to subdivisions of the enterprise, such as the performance of subsidiaries, divisions, departments, and operating functions. External reports are intended primarily for stockholders, creditors, directors, and regulators such as the SEC. Although externally reported information is also useful to corporate management at the highest level, it is far too aggregate to be useful for last making by lower levels of management. And even top levels of management need financial information for decision making with respect to the performance of the various components or segments of the enterprise.It is vital that managers understand how their corporation organizes itself and at what levels the various functions such as manufacturing, marketing, finance, and research and development are performed. Managers ... ...d profits. It is seldom possible to form a intellect about the performance of an individual segment or division by inspecting the records of only that segment or division. All financial information must be analyzed together to serve useful in and out of a corporate entity.Works CitedFinancial Accounting Standards Board, 1978, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.1 Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises (Stamford, CT., Financial Accounting Standards Board).Financial Accounting Standards Boards, 1984. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. Rec ognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises (Stamford, CT. Financial Accounting Standards). American Accounting Association, 1957. Accounting and Reporting Standards for Corporation Financial Statements and Preceding Statements and Supplements (Iowa City, Iowa American Accounting Association). Parker, R.H., 1979. Evolution of Corporation Financial Reporting (Nigeria, Africa Thomas Nelson and Sons Limited).Gray, S.J., 1984. Information Disclosure and the Multinational Corporation (New York, New York John Wiley and Sons).

Out-Out by Robert Frost and Mid Term Break by Seamus Heaney Essay

Analyse the two poems Out-Out by Robert Frost and Mid Term raidby Seamus Heaney by paying particular attention to the similaritiesbetween the two poemsOut-Out was written by Robert Frost who was an American poet born in1874. He move to the New Englandfarm country, where most of his poemswere inspired. Mid Term Break was written by Seamus Heaney, who wasborn on a farm in county Londonderry in Northern Ireland.The two poems are actually similar and are both about the deaths of ayoung child, one about a boy who loses his hand whilst using a buzz truism unfortunately, he also loses his life. In Mid Term Break the boyloses his life in a car accident. He was only left withA poppy bruise on his left templeThere are also lots of differences between the two poems. In Out-Outthe young boy was from quite a poor working class background in myopinion, which meant that the young boy had to work for the day inorder to help the family. However the boy in Mid-Term Break was from ahigher class fami ly and seemed to be in quite a posh prepare.College sick bayThis could mean it is a boarding school because it has its ownsick-bay. The similarities between the poems are that both of thedeaths were accidents and were also quite brutal.Out-Out is a poem of 34 lines of just one stanza. The poem is writtenin the tertiary person by somebody that is narrating the story, and thathas no connections with the happenings of the poem. The way the poemis written also makes it less tragic, as every line flows to the nextwithout giving untold time to think about what has happened. The rhymingalso hides some of the sadness in the poem.One point to consider is the shape of the poem, as it vaguelyresemble... ...fer to Catholic beliefs as in the religionthey light candles to remember peoples lives, and to send them toheaven.Unlike Out-Out the ending is far more dramatic and depressing ratherthen the melt away from the story as happened In Out-Out, as youdidnt even know how old the boy was until the very last line. Thismakes it seem very sad.wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple,he lay in the quadruplet foot box as in his cot.No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear.A four foot box, a foot for every year.This is very effective because it explained everything that happened,as we didnt know the story until the end. I think that makes the poemmuch more emotional, non knowing what to think.I believe Mid Term Break is more effective because of the was the poethas described the death, and it seems much more emotional thatOut-Out.